Modern European History. Speaks of Paul Valery and what he meant by saying that Europe doubted itself profoundly

1. What did Paul Valery mean in saying that the mind of Europe doubted itself profoundly?         Before 1914, people in Europe believed in progress, peace, prosperity, reason, and rights of individuals. During that time, people began to believe in the Enlightenment, industrial developments were just starting and scientific advances began to take place. People then really believed in progression and further developments.         Unfortunately, World War I broke out. Nevertheless, the optimistic people of Europe still did not …

…They didn't know what to think anymore being terrified to learn the shocking truth of the reality of the war and what it has done to their society, people and accomplishments. People suffered from great anxiety and a 'legacy of embitterment' was created. The enjoyment of common civilization was no more and total war was declared. Peace from among men were no existent. And those bonds will be impossible to establish for a long duration.