Essay on "The work and skills of managers are the same irrespective of the level of their position within the organisation." Discuss.

The work and skills required of managers across organisations varies greatly according to a boundless number of factors. In order to identify and analyse the function of managers in organisations, it is of utmost importance to first isolate the environment in which managers exist. Working towards a purposely identified set of goals, an organisation comprises people who must work with and through each other to meet these goals (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2003). While …

…Management Development, Vol 20, No 1, 2001, pp55-68. Fayol, H., "General and Industrial Management", London: Pittman (1949). Katz, R.L., "Skills of an effective administrator", Harvard Business Review, January-February 1955 (Retrospective commentary, Harvard Business Review, September-October 1974). Luthans, F., "Successful vs. effective real managers", Academy of management executive, vol. 2 no. 2 May 1988 p127-131. Mintzberg, H. (1973) The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and Row. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., and Coulter, M. (2003), Management, 3rd ed., Sydney: Prentice Hall.