Karl Popper

How do the proponents of a competing paradigm convert the entire profession or the relevant subgroup to their way of seeing science and the world? What causes a group to abandon one tradition of normal research in favor of another? What is the process by which a new candidate for paradigm replaces its predecessor? A. Scientific revolutions come about when one paradigm displaces another after a period of paradigm-testing that occurs 1. only after persistent failure …

…converted, exploration increases. 5. The number of experiments, instruments, articles, and books based on the paradigm will multiply. 6. More scientists, convinced of the new view's fruitfulness, will adopt the new mode of practicing normal science (until only a few elderly hold-outs will remain). a. And we cannot say that they are (were) wrong. b. Perhaps the scientist who continues to resist after the whole profession has been converted has ipso facto ceased to be a scientist.